The World Bank Research Observer Collections

A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A10 - General (12 Articles)

A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists (20 Articles)

A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines (33 Articles)

A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values (13 Articles)

A14 - Sociology of Economics (19 Articles)

A19 - Other (0 Articles)

A2 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics

A20 - General (5 Articles)

A21 - Pre-college (0 Articles)

A22 - Undergraduate (2 Articles)

A23 - Graduate (0 Articles)

A29 - Other (0 Articles)

A3 - Collective Works

A30 - General (0 Articles)

A31 - Collected Writings of Individuals (0 Articles)

A32 - Volumes (0 Articles)

A33 - Handbooks (0 Articles)

A39 - Other (0 Articles)

B - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology

B0 - General

B00 - General (12 Articles)

B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925

B10 - General (14 Articles)

B11 - Preclassical (6 Articles)

B12 - Classical (47 Articles)

B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 (19 Articles)

B14 - Socialist; Marxist (29 Articles)

B15 - Historical; Institutional (12 Articles)

B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical (1 Article)

B19 - Other (1 Article)

B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925

B20 - General (20 Articles)

B21 - Microeconomics (32 Articles)

B22 - Macroeconomics (62 Articles)

B23 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies (4 Articles)

B24 - Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian (31 Articles)

B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian (31 Articles)

B29 - Other (6 Articles)

B3 - History of Thought: Individuals

B30 - General (18 Articles)

B31 - Individuals (200 Articles)

B32 - Obituaries (0 Articles)

B4 - Economic Methodology

B40 - General (44 Articles)

B41 - Economic Methodology (123 Articles)

B49 - Other (1 Article)

B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches

B50 - General (25 Articles)

B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian (35 Articles)

B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary (71 Articles)

B53 - Austrian (9 Articles)

B54 - Feminist Economics (2 Articles)

B59 - Other (8 Articles)

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C0 - General

C00 - General (0 Articles)

C01 - Econometrics (0 Articles)

C02 - Mathematical Methods (1 Article)

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General

C10 - General (8 Articles)

C11 - Bayesian Analysis (5 Articles)

C12 - Hypothesis Testing (7 Articles)

C13 - Estimation (6 Articles)

C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods (12 Articles)

C15 - Simulation Methods (4 Articles)

C16 - Specific Distributions (1 Article)

C19 - Other (0 Articles)

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C20 - General (3 Articles)

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models (13 Articles)

C22 - Time-Series Models (43 Articles)

C23 - Models with Panel Data (12 Articles)

C24 - Truncated and Censored Models (0 Articles)

C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models (7 Articles)

C29 - Other (0 Articles)

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models

C30 - General (2 Articles)

C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models (5 Articles)

C32 - Time-Series Models (19 Articles)

C33 - Models with Panel Data (7 Articles)

C34 - Truncated and Censored Models (3 Articles)

C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models (3 Articles)

C39 - Other (0 Articles)

C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

C40 - General (3 Articles)

C41 - Duration Analysis (4 Articles)

C42 - Survey Methods (2 Articles)

C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation (8 Articles)

C44 - Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research (0 Articles)

C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics (0 Articles)

C46 - Specific Distributions (1 Article)

C49 - Other (0 Articles)

C5 - Econometric Modeling

C50 - General (6 Articles)

C51 - Model Construction and Estimation (56 Articles)

C52 - Model Evaluation and Selection (29 Articles)

C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications (20 Articles)

C59 - Other (0 Articles)

C6 - Mathematical Methods and Programming

C60 - General (4 Articles)

C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis (10 Articles)

C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium (6 Articles)

C63 - Computational Techniques (6 Articles)

C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools (1 Article)

C67 - Input-Output Models (2 Articles)

C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models (5 Articles)

C69 - Other (0 Articles)

C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory

C70 - General (7 Articles)

C71 - Cooperative Games (2 Articles)

C72 - Noncooperative Games (6 Articles)

C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games (4 Articles)

C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory (3 Articles)

C79 - Other (1 Article)

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C80 - General (3 Articles)

C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data (18 Articles)

C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data (5 Articles)

C87 - Econometric Software (0 Articles)

C88 - Other Computer Software (0 Articles)

C89 - Other (0 Articles)

C9 - Design of Experiments

C90 - General (7 Articles)

C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior (5 Articles)

C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior (2 Articles)

C93 - Field Experiments (3 Articles)

C99 - Other (0 Articles)

D - Microeconomics

D0 - General

D00 - General (9 Articles)

D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles (14 Articles)

D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations (9 Articles)

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D10 - General (12 Articles)

D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory (20 Articles)

D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis (78 Articles)

D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation (26 Articles)

D14 - Personal Finance (31 Articles)

D18 - Consumer Protection (15 Articles)

D19 - Other (4 Articles)

D2 - Production and Organizations

D20 - General (8 Articles)

D21 - Firm Behavior (76 Articles)

D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights (139 Articles)

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity (65 Articles)

D29 - Other (3 Articles)

D3 - Distribution

D30 - General (5 Articles)

D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions (78 Articles)

D33 - Factor Income Distribution (15 Articles)

D39 - Other (0 Articles)

D4 - Market Structure and Pricing

D40 - General (13 Articles)

D41 - Perfect Competition (2 Articles)

D42 - Monopoly (2 Articles)

D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection (15 Articles)

D44 - Auctions (23 Articles)

D45 - Rationing; Licensing (8 Articles)

D46 - Value Theory (39 Articles)

D49 - Other (1 Article)

D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

D50 - General (8 Articles)

D51 - Exchange and Production Economies (7 Articles)

D52 - Incomplete Markets (3 Articles)

D53 - Financial Markets (1 Article)

D57 - Input-Output Tables and Analysis (9 Articles)

D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models (18 Articles)

D59 - Other (0 Articles)

D6 - Welfare Economics

D60 - General (13 Articles)

D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis (10 Articles)

D62 - Externalities (14 Articles)

D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement (44 Articles)

D64 - Altruism (13 Articles)

D69 - Other (0 Articles)

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D70 - General (6 Articles)

D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations (15 Articles)

D72 - Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior (56 Articles)

D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption (11 Articles)

D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances (28 Articles)

D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation (10 Articles)

D79 - Other (1 Article)

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D80 - General (20 Articles)

D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty (50 Articles)

D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information (71 Articles)

D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief (67 Articles)

D84 - Expectations; Speculations (14 Articles)

D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory (7 Articles)

D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory (9 Articles)

D87 - Neuroeconomics (0 Articles)

D89 - Other (2 Articles)

D9 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth

D90 - General (10 Articles)

D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving (30 Articles)

D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing (25 Articles)

D99 - Other (0 Articles)

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E0 - General

E00 - General (6 Articles)

E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth (2 Articles)

E1 - General Aggregative Models

E10 - General (19 Articles)

E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary (40 Articles)

E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian (73 Articles)

E13 - Neoclassical (19 Articles)

E17 - Forecasting and Simulation (7 Articles)

E19 - Other (0 Articles)

E2 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment

E20 - General (12 Articles)

E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth (64 Articles)

E22 - Capital; Investment; Capacity (76 Articles)

E23 - Production (34 Articles)

E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution (120 Articles)

E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution (37 Articles)

E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy (1 Article)

E27 - Forecasting and Simulation (0 Articles)

E29 - Other (0 Articles)

E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

E30 - General (12 Articles)

E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation (81 Articles)

E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles (80 Articles)

E37 - Forecasting and Simulation (3 Articles)

E39 - Other (0 Articles)

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E40 - General (19 Articles)

E41 - Demand for Money (19 Articles)

E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System (22 Articles)

E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates (84 Articles)

E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy (46 Articles)

E47 - Forecasting and Simulation (6 Articles)

E49 - Other (1 Article)

E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

E50 - General (19 Articles)

E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers (25 Articles)

E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects) (94 Articles)

E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies (50 Articles)

E59 - Other (0 Articles)

E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

E60 - General (22 Articles)

E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination (21 Articles)

E62 - Fiscal Policy (114 Articles)

E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization (33 Articles)

E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy (5 Articles)

E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes (16 Articles)

E66 - General Outlook and Conditions (10 Articles)

E69 - Other (0 Articles)

F - International Economics

F0 - General

F00 - General (7 Articles)

F01 - Global Outlook (4 Articles)

F02 - International Economic Order (67 Articles)

F1 - Trade

F10 - General (31 Articles)

F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade (17 Articles)

F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies (33 Articles)

F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations (163 Articles)

F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade (114 Articles)

F15 - Economic Integration (87 Articles)

F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions (33 Articles)

F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation (6 Articles)

F18 - Trade and Environment (7 Articles)

F19 - Other (2 Articles)

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F20 - General (12 Articles)

F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements (66 Articles)

F22 - International Migration (22 Articles)

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business (154 Articles)

F24 - Remittances (2 Articles)

F29 - Other (0 Articles)

F3 - International Finance

F30 - General (20 Articles)

F31 - Foreign Exchange (108 Articles)

F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements (39 Articles)

F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions (46 Articles)

F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems (38 Articles)

F35 - Foreign Aid (26 Articles)

F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration (54 Articles)

F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation (3 Articles)

F39 - Other (0 Articles)

F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

F40 - General (4 Articles)

F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics (46 Articles)

F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission (19 Articles)

F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies (32 Articles)

F47 - Forecasting and Simulation (3 Articles)

F49 - Other (0 Articles)

F5 - International Relations and International Political Economy

F50 - General (1 Article)

F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions (3 Articles)

F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism (0 Articles)

F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations (5 Articles)

F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism (0 Articles)

F55 - International Institutional Arrangements (0 Articles)

F59 - International Relations and International Political Economy: Other (1 Article)

G - Financial Economics

G0 - General

G00 - General (13 Articles)

G1 - General Financial Markets

G10 - General (72 Articles)

G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions (151 Articles)

G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates (411 Articles)

G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing (132 Articles)

G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies (187 Articles)

G15 - International Financial Markets (76 Articles)

G18 - Government Policy and Regulation (29 Articles)

G19 - Other (3 Articles)

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G20 - General (30 Articles)

G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages (135 Articles)

G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies (18 Articles)

G23 - Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions (50 Articles)

G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Rating Agencies (93 Articles)

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation (46 Articles)

G29 - Other (1 Article)

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G30 - General (33 Articles)

G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies (72 Articles)

G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure (229 Articles)

G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation (31 Articles)

G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance (135 Articles)

G35 - Payout Policy (27 Articles)

G38 - Government Policy and Regulation (24 Articles)

G39 - Other (0 Articles)

H - Public Economics

H0 - General

H00 - General (6 Articles)

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H10 - General (5 Articles)

H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government (32 Articles)

H19 - Other (0 Articles)

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H20 - General (16 Articles)

H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation (28 Articles)

H22 - Incidence (9 Articles)

H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies (37 Articles)

H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies (24 Articles)

H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies (27 Articles)

H26 - Tax Evasion (4 Articles)

H27 - Other Sources of Revenue (1 Article)

H29 - Other (2 Articles)

H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

H30 - General (15 Articles)

H31 - Household (16 Articles)

H32 - Firm (9 Articles)

H39 - Other (0 Articles)

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H40 - General (3 Articles)

H41 - Public Goods (17 Articles)

H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods (4 Articles)

H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate (12 Articles)

H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets (0 Articles)

H49 - Other (0 Articles)

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H50 - General (23 Articles)

H51 - Government Expenditures and Health (6 Articles)

H52 - Government Expenditures and Education (8 Articles)

H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs (5 Articles)

H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock (28 Articles)

H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions (36 Articles)

H56 - National Security and War (16 Articles)

H57 - Procurement (3 Articles)

H59 - Other (0 Articles)

H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

H60 - General (6 Articles)

H61 - Budget; Budget Systems (7 Articles)

H62 - Deficit; Surplus (10 Articles)

H63 - Debt; Debt Management (16 Articles)

H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt (0 Articles)

H69 - Other (0 Articles)

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H70 - General (8 Articles)

H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue (6 Articles)

H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures (5 Articles)

H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects (10 Articles)

H74 - State and Local Borrowing (2 Articles)

H75 - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare (2 Articles)

H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories (0 Articles)

H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession (13 Articles)

H79 - Other (1 Article)

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H80 - General (0 Articles)

H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, Credits, and Grants (2 Articles)

H82 - Governmental Property (0 Articles)

H83 - Public Administration (2 Articles)

H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods (17 Articles)

H89 - Other (0 Articles)

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I0 - General

I00 - General (2 Articles)

I1 - Health

I10 - General (6 Articles)

I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets (21 Articles)

I12 - Health Production (48 Articles)

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health (36 Articles)

I19 - Other (1 Article)

I2 - Education

I20 - General (18 Articles)

I21 - Analysis of Education (98 Articles)

I22 - Educational Finance (16 Articles)

I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions (24 Articles)

I28 - Government Policy (32 Articles)

I29 - Other (0 Articles)

I3 - Welfare and Poverty

I30 - General (25 Articles)

I31 - General Welfare (30 Articles)

I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty (111 Articles)

I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs (79 Articles)

I39 - Other (0 Articles)

J - Labor and Demographic Economics

J0 - General

J00 - General (7 Articles)

J01 - Labor Economics: General (0 Articles)

J08 - Labor Economics Policies (7 Articles)

J1 - Demographic Economics

J10 - General (10 Articles)

J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts (22 Articles)

J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse (23 Articles)

J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth (67 Articles)

J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped (17 Articles)

J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination (28 Articles)

J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination (99 Articles)

J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income (5 Articles)

J18 - Public Policy (10 Articles)

J19 - Other (0 Articles)

J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor

J20 - General (17 Articles)

J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure (43 Articles)

J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply (57 Articles)

J23 - Labor Demand (26 Articles)

J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity (205 Articles)

J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies (12 Articles)

J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy (8 Articles)

J29 - Other (0 Articles)

J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

J30 - General (21 Articles)

J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials (129 Articles)

J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions (19 Articles)

J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods (7 Articles)

J38 - Public Policy (22 Articles)

J39 - Other (0 Articles)

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J40 - General (17 Articles)

J41 - Labor Contracts (47 Articles)

J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets (12 Articles)

J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets (9 Articles)

J44 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupations; Licensing (15 Articles)

J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets (12 Articles)

J48 - Public Policy (2 Articles)

J49 - Other (0 Articles)

J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

J50 - General (21 Articles)

J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects (57 Articles)

J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining (25 Articles)

J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence (28 Articles)

J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms (6 Articles)

J58 - Public Policy (11 Articles)

J59 - Other (0 Articles)

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies

J60 - General (8 Articles)

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers (38 Articles)

J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility (17 Articles)

J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs (25 Articles)

J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search (2 Articles)

J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings (9 Articles)

J68 - Public Policy (35 Articles)

J69 - Other (1 Article)

J7 - Labor Discrimination

J70 - General (5 Articles)

J71 - Discrimination (23 Articles)

J78 - Public Policy (3 Articles)

J79 - Other (0 Articles)

J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

J80 - General (7 Articles)

J81 - Working Conditions (2 Articles)

J82 - Labor Force Composition (13 Articles)

J83 - Workers' Rights (1 Article)

J88 - Public Policy (3 Articles)

J89 - Other (0 Articles)

K - Law and Economics

K0 - General

K00 - General (19 Articles)

K1 - Basic Areas of Law

K10 - General (17 Articles)

K11 - Property Law (17 Articles)

K12 - Contract Law (12 Articles)

K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability (21 Articles)

K14 - Criminal Law (6 Articles)

K19 - Other (1 Article)

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K20 - General (1 Article)

K21 - Antitrust Law (16 Articles)

K22 - Corporation and Securities Law (37 Articles)

K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law (5 Articles)

K29 - Other (0 Articles)

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K30 - General (0 Articles)

K31 - Labor Law (13 Articles)

K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law (2 Articles)

K33 - International Law (9 Articles)

K34 - Tax Law (1 Article)

K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law (2 Articles)

K36 - Family and Personal Law (0 Articles)

K39 - Other (6 Articles)

K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

K40 - General (22 Articles)

K41 - Litigation Process (29 Articles)

K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law (34 Articles)

K49 - Other (1 Article)

L - Industrial Organization

L0 - General

L00 - General (8 Articles)

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L10 - General (24 Articles)

L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms (128 Articles)

L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies (14 Articles)

L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets (39 Articles)

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks (100 Articles)

L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility (20 Articles)

L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices (29 Articles)

L17 - Open Source Products and Markets (2 Articles)

L19 - Other (0 Articles)

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L20 - General (21 Articles)

L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm (42 Articles)

L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure (74 Articles)

L23 - Organization of Production (58 Articles)

L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing (34 Articles)

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope (93 Articles)

L26 - Entrepreneurship (10 Articles)

L29 - Other (0 Articles)

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L30 - General (4 Articles)

L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs (6 Articles)

L32 - Public Enterprises (24 Articles)

L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out (51 Articles)

L38 - Public Policy (0 Articles)

L39 - Other (0 Articles)

L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies

L40 - General (13 Articles)

L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices (5 Articles)

L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts (2 Articles)

L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation (13 Articles)

L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations (3 Articles)

L49 - Other (0 Articles)

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L50 - General (16 Articles)

L51 - Economics of Regulation (72 Articles)

L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods (27 Articles)

L53 - Enterprise Policy (1 Article)

L59 - Other (1 Article)

L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

L60 - General (133 Articles)

L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics (12 Articles)

L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment (46 Articles)

L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment (43 Articles)

L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments (6 Articles)

L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology (31 Articles)

L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits (36 Articles)

L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather (25 Articles)

L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables (6 Articles)

L69 - Other (1 Article)

L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction

L70 - General (1 Article)

L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels (14 Articles)

L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources (4 Articles)

L73 - Forest Products (4 Articles)

L74 - Construction (1 Article)

L78 - Government Policy (0 Articles)

L79 - Other (0 Articles)

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L80 - General (21 Articles)

L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce (34 Articles)

L82 - Entertainment; Media (25 Articles)

L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism (16 Articles)

L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services (22 Articles)

L85 - Real Estate Services (2 Articles)

L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software (42 Articles)

L87 - Postal and Delivery Services (0 Articles)

L88 - Government Policy (2 Articles)

L89 - Other (1 Article)

L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

L90 - General (3 Articles)

L91 - Transportation: General (2 Articles)

L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation (10 Articles)

L93 - Air Transportation (5 Articles)

L94 - Electric Utilities (18 Articles)

L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities (9 Articles)

L96 - Telecommunications (74 Articles)

L97 - Utilities: General (3 Articles)

L98 - Government Policy (32 Articles)

L99 - Other (0 Articles)

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting

M0 - General

M00 - General (1 Article)

M1 - Business Administration

M10 - General (18 Articles)

M11 - Production Management (9 Articles)

M12 - Personnel Management (42 Articles)

M13 - New Firms; Startups (45 Articles)

M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility (16 Articles)

M15 - IT Management (0 Articles)

M16 - International Business Administration (6 Articles)

M19 - Other (1 Article)

M2 - Business Economics

M20 - General (3 Articles)

M21 - Business Economics (15 Articles)

M29 - Other (0 Articles)

M3 - Marketing and Advertising

M30 - General (1 Article)

M31 - Marketing (17 Articles)

M37 - Advertising (12 Articles)

M38 - Government Policy and Regulation (0 Articles)

M39 - Other (2 Articles)

M4 - Accounting and Auditing

M40 - General (0 Articles)

M41 - Accounting (22 Articles)

M42 - Auditing (1 Article)

M48 - Government Policy and Regulation (7 Articles)

M49 - Other (0 Articles)

M5 - Personnel Economics

M50 - General (5 Articles)

M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (9 Articles)

M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (20 Articles)

M53 - Training (10 Articles)

M54 - Labor Management (29 Articles)

M55 - Labor Contracting Devices (5 Articles)

M59 - Other (0 Articles)

N - Economic History

N0 - General

N00 - General (4 Articles)

N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods (1 Article)

N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations

N10 - General, International, or Comparative (10 Articles)

N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (2 Articles)

N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (5 Articles)

N13 - Europe: Pre-1913 (4 Articles)

N14 - Europe: 1913- (6 Articles)

N15 - Asia including Middle East (1 Article)

N16 - Latin America; Caribbean (2 Articles)

N17 - Africa; Oceania (2 Articles)

N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions

N20 - General, International, or Comparative (6 Articles)

N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (5 Articles)

N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (8 Articles)

N23 - Europe: Pre-1913 (9 Articles)

N24 - Europe: 1913- (5 Articles)

N25 - Asia including Middle East (0 Articles)

N26 - Latin America; Caribbean (1 Article)

N27 - Africa; Oceania (0 Articles)

N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, and Wealth

N30 - General, International, or Comparative (10 Articles)

N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (2 Articles)

N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (2 Articles)

N33 - Europe: Pre-1913 (6 Articles)

N34 - Europe: 1913- (9 Articles)

N35 - Asia including Middle East (2 Articles)

N36 - Latin America; Caribbean (0 Articles)

N37 - Africa; Oceania (2 Articles)

N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation

N40 - General, International, or Comparative (6 Articles)

N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (4 Articles)

N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (6 Articles)

N43 - Europe: Pre-1913 (3 Articles)

N44 - Europe: 1913- (3 Articles)

N45 - Asia including Middle East (0 Articles)

N46 - Latin America; Caribbean (0 Articles)

N47 - Africa; Oceania (0 Articles)

N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

N50 - General, International, or Comparative (4 Articles)

N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (2 Articles)

N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (1 Article)

N53 - Europe: Pre-1913 (2 Articles)

N54 - Europe: 1913- (1 Article)

N55 - Asia including Middle East (2 Articles)

N56 - Latin America; Caribbean (0 Articles)

N57 - Africa; Oceania (2 Articles)

N6 - Manufacturing and Construction

N60 - General, International, or Comparative (4 Articles)

N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (6 Articles)

N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (5 Articles)

N63 - Europe: Pre-1913 (12 Articles)

N64 - Europe: 1913- (5 Articles)

N65 - Asia including Middle East (2 Articles)

N66 - Latin America; Caribbean (0 Articles)

N67 - Africa; Oceania (0 Articles)

N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

N70 - General, International, or Comparative (5 Articles)

N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (3 Articles)

N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (4 Articles)

N73 - Europe: Pre-1913 (2 Articles)

N74 - Europe: 1913- (3 Articles)

N75 - Asia including Middle East (0 Articles)

N76 - Latin America; Caribbean (1 Article)

N77 - Africa; Oceania (0 Articles)

N8 - Micro-Business History

N80 - General, International, or Comparative (2 Articles)

N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (5 Articles)

N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (8 Articles)

N83 - Europe: Pre-1913 (1 Article)

N84 - Europe: 1913- (5 Articles)

N85 - Asia including Middle East (0 Articles)

N86 - Latin America; Caribbean (0 Articles)

N87 - Africa; Oceania (0 Articles)

N9 - Regional and Urban History

N90 - General, International, or Comparative (2 Articles)

N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (2 Articles)

N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (1 Article)

N93 - Europe: Pre-1913 (4 Articles)

N94 - Europe: 1913- (4 Articles)

N95 - Asia including Middle East (0 Articles)

N96 - Latin America; Caribbean (0 Articles)

N97 - Africa; Oceania (0 Articles)

O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O10 - General (43 Articles)

O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development (94 Articles)

O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development (66 Articles)

O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products (167 Articles)

O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology (89 Articles)

O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration (322 Articles)

O16 - Economic Development: Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance (165 Articles)

O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements (92 Articles)

O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses (111 Articles)

O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations (277 Articles)

O2 - Development Planning and Policy

O20 - General (37 Articles)

O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy (17 Articles)

O22 - Project Analysis (15 Articles)

O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development (53 Articles)

O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy (43 Articles)

O25 - Industrial Policy (0 Articles)

O29 - Other (0 Articles)

O3 - Technological Change; Research and Development

O30 - General (76 Articles)

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives (127 Articles)

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D (160 Articles)

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes (181 Articles)

O34 - Intellectual Property Rights (70 Articles)

O38 - Government Policy (28 Articles)

O39 - Other (1 Article)

O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

O40 - General (60 Articles)

O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models (100 Articles)

O42 - Monetary Growth Models (7 Articles)

O43 - Institutions and Growth (5 Articles)

O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence (140 Articles)

O49 - Other (1 Article)

O5 - Economywide Country Studies

O50 - General (3 Articles)

O51 - U.S.; Canada (7 Articles)

O52 - Europe (14 Articles)

O53 - Asia including Middle East (17 Articles)

O54 - Latin America; Caribbean (6 Articles)

O55 - Africa (17 Articles)

O56 - Oceania (0 Articles)

O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries (19 Articles)

P - Economic Systems

P0 - General

P00 - General (5 Articles)

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P10 - General (17 Articles)

P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform (5 Articles)

P12 - Capitalist Enterprises (20 Articles)

P13 - Cooperative Enterprises (5 Articles)

P14 - Property Rights (7 Articles)

P16 - Political Economy (114 Articles)

P17 - Performance and Prospects (10 Articles)

P19 - Other (0 Articles)

P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

P20 - General (11 Articles)

P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform (65 Articles)

P22 - Prices (6 Articles)

P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population (29 Articles)

P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation (13 Articles)

P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics (9 Articles)

P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights (12 Articles)

P27 - Performance and Prospects (21 Articles)

P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment (2 Articles)

P29 - Other (0 Articles)

P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

P30 - General (5 Articles)

P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions (38 Articles)

P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture (23 Articles)

P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid (31 Articles)

P34 - Financial Economics (17 Articles)

P35 - Public Economics (7 Articles)

P36 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics; Health, Education and Training, Welfare, and Poverty (17 Articles)

P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior (7 Articles)

P39 - Other (0 Articles)

P4 - Other Economic Systems

P40 - General (1 Article)

P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform (2 Articles)

P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population (3 Articles)

P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics (0 Articles)

P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation (0 Articles)

P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid (1 Article)

P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty (2 Articles)

P47 - Performance and Prospects (2 Articles)

P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights (2 Articles)

P49 - Other (0 Articles)

P5 - Comparative Economic Systems

P50 - General (10 Articles)

P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems (9 Articles)

P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies (4 Articles)

P59 - Other (0 Articles)

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q0 - General

Q00 - General (2 Articles)

Q01 - Sustainable Development (5 Articles)

Q1 - Agriculture

Q10 - General (17 Articles)

Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices (117 Articles)

Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets (147 Articles)

Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness (92 Articles)

Q14 - Agricultural Finance (21 Articles)

Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation (65 Articles)

Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services (65 Articles)

Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade (100 Articles)

Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy (156 Articles)

Q19 - Other (3 Articles)

Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation

Q20 - General (22 Articles)

Q21 - Demand and Supply (14 Articles)

Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture (11 Articles)

Q23 - Forestry (13 Articles)

Q24 - Land (26 Articles)

Q25 - Water (41 Articles)

Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources (16 Articles)

Q27 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Issues in International Trade (0 Articles)

Q28 - Government Policy (56 Articles)

Q29 - Other (0 Articles)

Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

Q30 - General (4 Articles)

Q31 - Demand and Supply (8 Articles)

Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development (3 Articles)

Q33 - Resource Booms (8 Articles)

Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts (0 Articles)

Q38 - Government Policy (5 Articles)

Q39 - Other (0 Articles)

Q4 - Energy

Q40 - General (2 Articles)

Q41 - Demand and Supply (12 Articles)

Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources (5 Articles)

Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy (6 Articles)

Q48 - Government Policy (19 Articles)

Q49 - Other (0 Articles)

Q5 - Environmental Economics

Q50 - General (12 Articles)

Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects (12 Articles)

Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects (5 Articles)

Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling (16 Articles)

Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming (20 Articles)

Q55 - Technological Innovation (0 Articles)

Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth (8 Articles)

Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics (5 Articles)

Q58 - Government Policy (33 Articles)

Q59 - Other (1 Article)

R - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics

R0 - General

R00 - General (11 Articles)

R1 - General Regional Economics

R10 - General (33 Articles)

R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes (110 Articles)

R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity (160 Articles)

R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies (5 Articles)

R14 - Land Use Patterns (8 Articles)

R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models (10 Articles)

R19 - Other (4 Articles)

R2 - Household Analysis

R20 - General (5 Articles)

R21 - Housing Demand (15 Articles)

R22 - Other Demand (2 Articles)

R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population (100 Articles)

R28 - Government Policy (0 Articles)

R29 - Other (0 Articles)

R3 - Production Analysis and Firm Location

R30 - General (19 Articles)

R31 - Housing Supply and Markets (23 Articles)

R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis (96 Articles)

R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets (4 Articles)

R34 - Input Demand Analysis (1 Article)

R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies (6 Articles)

R39 - Other (0 Articles)

R4 - Transportation Systems

R40 - General (4 Articles)

R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise (9 Articles)

R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis (3 Articles)

R48 - Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies (6 Articles)

R49 - Other (0 Articles)

R5 - Regional Government Analysis

R50 - General (12 Articles)

R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies (4 Articles)

R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations (6 Articles)

R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock (2 Articles)

R58 - Regional Development Policy (39 Articles)

R59 - Other (0 Articles)

Y - Miscellaneous Categories

Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts

Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts (0 Articles)

Y2 - Introductory Material

Y20 - Introductory Material (25 Articles)

Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified)

Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified) (21 Articles)

Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified)

Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified) (0 Articles)

Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified)

Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified) (0 Articles)

Y6 - Excerpts

Y60 - Excerpts (0 Articles)

Y8 - Related Disciplines

Y80 - Related Disciplines (0 Articles)

Y9 - Other

Y90 - Other (0 Articles)

Z - Other Special Topics

Z0 - General

Z00 - General (1 Article)

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z10 - General (6 Articles)

Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature (5 Articles)

Z12 - Religion (6 Articles)

Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology (61 Articles)

Z19 - Other (1 Article)